Annie Malone and Madam C. J. Walker built massive economic empires by transforming vocational beauty schools into exclusive product distribution channels. Their contrasting legal strategies reveal how disciplined channel design, rather than secret formulas, bypassed the barriers of Jim Crow retail.
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By pairing mass-produced Lalique glass with synthetic aroma chemicals, François Coty brought luxury perfume to everyday drugstore counters. But compounding French scents in a Queens factory soon sparked a landmark 1940 FTC crackdown on deceptive luxury branding.
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